Emphysema is a chronic lung disease that affects the alveoli, or air sacs, in the lungs. It causes shortness of breath and can lead to serious health complications if left untreated. Emphysema is caused by long-term exposure to environmental irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, and workplace chemicals. It can also be caused by genetic conditions like alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. People with emphysema often experience difficulty breathing and may need supplemental oxygen to help them breathe easier. Treatment for this condition often involves lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, avoiding irritants in the environment, and taking medications to control symptoms. Diagnoses comprise Chest X-ray, which is typically ineffective at identifying emphysema in its early stages. When diagnosing mild or severe emphysema, they are more helpful. A 3D image of the lungs is produced by a CT scan. Compared to an X-ray, it offers more precise images. Testing for pulmonary function determines how well the lungs breathe in and out. Spirometry may be used during testing. Spirometry measures the amount of air passing through the lungs using a spirometer device. It also calculates how much air is in the lungs. The amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery is measured by arterial blood gas (arterial blood). A tube called an artery is used to transport blood from the heart. The electrocardiogram evaluates cardiac performance. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a confirmed cause of emphysema according to blood testing and genetic analyses.

However, the patient can control the symptoms with medication and delay the emphysema's effects. In addition to receiving medication, individuals will breathe easier if they adhere to respiratory infection prevention advice. An early diagnosis will contribute to preserving life's quality for longer.